Basic knowledge of electric equipment & town development BtoB information site

Electrical equipment is a facility for making, sending and using electricity.In other words, the term electrical equipment refers to a considerable range.Electricity is made of power generation equipment and is transported to the city where people live through the transmission equipment with power transmission equipment.Electrical equipment has contributed to the improvement of people's lives and the development of civilization.In this series, we will explain the electrical equipment in the building, mainly on the side of electricity, regarding the basic knowledge of electric equipment six times.The first is explained mainly on the premises of us around us.

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1st: What is an electric equipment

1. What is an electric equipment?

Electrical facilities are mainly classified into power generation facilities, transmission and distribution equipment, which are mainly electric power companies, and electrical equipment on -premises, which are facilities for electricity, (Fig. 1).Electricity generated by power generation equipment is delivered after power transmission, substance, and power distribution.During this time, various electrical equipment will be used.The on -site electrical equipment featured in this paper is a facility for users (names that are used by electricity companies to use electricity).It mainly refers to facilities to deliver electricity in buildings and facilities, so that lighting and disaster prevention equipment can be used safely and comfortably.

図1：電気設備

2. Types of electric equipment

The electricity we use can be divided into when electricity is used as energy and when it is used as information on electric signals.When electricity is used as energy, the power used is widely called "strong electric equipment".On the other hand, when used as an information communication by electrical signal, it is called "weak electricity equipment" with less power used.

Strong electricity equipment includes a receiving electricity facility for using electricity from the power company, and an emergency power supply equipment for power outages.Those that use motors such as elevators are called power equipment.In addition, air conditioning equipment, lighting equipment, and trunk equipment for sending electricity to the building are strong electric equipment.On the other hand, weak electric equipment includes information and communication equipment such as telephone and LAN, and disaster prevention equipment for preparing for fire.Recently, information networks for managing the entire building have also been used as weak electric equipment.

There is no clear definition of terms related to electrical equipment.For example, on -site electrical equipment, ...

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3. Legal and qualifications related to electrical equipment

In order to handle electric equipment, it must always be performed safely according to the approved laws and qualifications.First, among the laws and regulations related to electrical equipment, we will explain the Ministerial Ordinance, Electrical Equipment Technical Standards, and extension rules that set the Technical Standards for Electric Equipment, and the extent.

・電気事業法

There are a variety of laws and standards related to electrical equipment, and the Electricity Business Law is the main source. The Electrical Business Law stipulates rules for construction, maintenance and operation of electrical work. Electrical work is a power generation, power generation, power transmission, power distribution, or electricity receiving equipment (machine, equipment, dam, waterway, reservoir, electric line, etc.), which is installed for the use of electricity, business electric work, general electricity. There is a work (quoted: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's website). According to the Electrical Business Law, electric works are "electric work for electricity (facilities for electric power companies)", "private electric work (high -pressure or special high -pressure receiving power by receiving electricity to use electricity)", and "general use). It is classified into three categories: "electric work (conserving electricity at low pressure and using electricity)". Of these, two non -general electrical work are called business electric works, and construction, maintenance and operation requires supervision of the chief of electricity.

・電気設備に関する技術基準を定める省令（電気設備技術基準）

The Electrical Business Law is a law that stipulates the basics of electricity and does not specify technical details.for that reason,...

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2nd: Basic knowledge of power receiving equipment

Last time, I explained what electrical equipment is, the types, laws and regulations, and qualifications.This time, I will explain the receiving electric equipment, which is one of the on -premises electrical equipment.The power receiving equipment is a facility for receiving, substance, and distribution on the premises on the premises.Electricity made at power plants is delivered to home, buildings, and factories without resting at home, buildings, and factories, through various sizes.In addition, the power receiving equipment has a role in blocking the circuit when an accident occurs, separating the building and the power system, and protecting the equipment.

1. Power receiving and transformation

The power receiving equipment is distributed by converting the high -pressure and special high -voltage power sent from the power company to low -voltage power.The power is converted to various forms (voltage, phase) and sent to the premises.The power sent from the power company has different voltage and method, and the voltage differs for each contract (Table 1).Since the power is determined by the voltage and current, if the power is large, if the voltage is not high, the current will increase, and wiring must be wiring with a thick wire.

表1：契約電力と受電電圧

契約電力	50kW未満	50kW~2,000kW未満	2,000kW以上
電圧の種別	低圧	高圧	特別高圧
受電電圧	単相 100V、200V、三相 200V	三相 6,000V	三相 2万V、3万V、6万Vなど

契約電力のイメージとして、低圧の50kW未満の電力というのは、一般の住宅やコンビニ程度の店舗であり、特別高圧の2,000kW以上というのは、床面積が数万ｍ²（東京ドームクラス）の大規模な建物や施設になります。低圧には、さまざまな電気の種類があります。家庭で主として使う単相100Vの他に、IHヒータやエアコンなどは単相200Vを使用します。工場や事務所などでは、それに三相200Vが加わります。低圧で受電した場合、変電は行われないため、必要な電圧は全て電力会社が供給します。

The electricity of the power company is drawn from a fictional line or underground.A switch (switch) is provided at the drawn point so that it can be blocked by inspection.This is called a power receiving point.Changing the voltage is called a transform, and a transformer (transformer) is used.Two coils are wrapped in the transformer, and the voltage is changed depending on the number of coils.The power does not change even after the transformer, so if the voltage is lowered, the current will increase accordingly.The transformed equipment converts into electricity as needed in the facility.

図1：変圧器（トランス）

Another major role in the power receiving equipment is ...

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2. College distribution

Distribution is to distribute the power generated at the power plant to each household or factory with a voltage suitable for a load device.The transformed electricity is distributed in the building by trunk line.Since the distribution is for each floor or for each room, there is a distribution board in the building (Fig. 2).As the name implies, a distribution board is a device for distributing electricity sent from the main line.It may be considered divided into a power distribution board and a light distribution board.This name is based on the fact that the transmitted electricity is low -voltage, and the contract is divided into a single -phase -paying light and a three -phase power contract.

図2：住宅用分電盤（引用：森本雅之、交流のしくみ、講談社ブルーバックス、2016、P.97）

On the distribution board, ...

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3. Cubicle

Cubicle is a steel box that contains the equipment required for the substantive power receiving equipment (Fig. 3).It may be installed indoors or installed outdoors.In general, it is often placed in an electric room, so you will not have much opportunity to see it.Cubicles, which are installed outdoors, may often be seen outdoors.

図3：屋外用キュービクル

There are two purposes to use cubicles.First,...

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4. Emergency power supply equipment

In the event of a power outage, you will not be able to use electricity in the building.In case of such a case, the emergency power supply is backed up.Emergency power supply facilities include private power generation equipment and storage battery facilities.It is sometimes called a preliminary power supply or a disaster prevention power supply.In addition, emergency power supply facilities may be cubic.

・自家用発電設備(自家発)

Private power generation facilities (self -self -self) include regular power generation facilities that are usually used in the case and emergency power generation equipment (non -launched) used only in power outages.Private power generation facilities are composed of engine, fuel tanks, and silence machines (mufflers) in addition to generators, and mainly use diesel engines and gas turbines.

Regular power generation equipment is used in large facilities when using electricity generated on its own.In this case, it is often used in conjunction with electricity from power companies.In this way, connecting a private power generation equipment and a power system is called a system.With regular power generation equipment, ...

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3rd: Basic knowledge of wiring equipment

Last time, I explained the power receiving equipment.This time, I will explain the wiring inside the building and the wires and cables used for it.The power is delivered to every corner of the building by wiring equipment.And the cables and electric wires actually carry power.What kind of cable is placed and where is the wiring is the basis of electric equipment.Therefore, we will also introduce the cable selection method (capacity calculation).

1. Wiring method

Wiring refers to the constitution of a circuit by connecting an electrical device and a communication device with a conductor.In the case of indoor wiring work, construction according to the shape is required.This section describes an example of a wiring method using an electric room, cubicle, ceiling, floors, and fire parcels.

・電気室、キュービクル

There are thick wiring called low -pressure trains from the electric room and cubicle.The trunk route is a wiring space called EPS (Electric Pipe Shaft or Electric Pipe Space), a vertical wiring space to the top floor of the building.The EPS is not only a strong electric wiring, but also a wiring of weak electricity such as communication.

・天井裏

On each floor, a horizontal wiring is performed.Generally, use a cable rack that looks like a ladder to wire behind the ceiling.The cable rack allows you to wire many cables at once (Fig. 1).Wiring using a cable rack can be actually seen at platforms in stations where there are many ceiling plates.

図1：電気制御室のケーブルラック

・床下、壁

In the horizontal wiring, pipes may be provided in advance in the concrete on the floor.however,...

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2. Electric wires, cables

There are some wires that are exposed by the conductors and those with insulation coating.On the other hand, a cable is a more mechanical exterior outside the wire.For example, a USB cable is called a cable because several wires have an exterior.Figure 2 shows the difference between the wire and the cable.The allowable current for electric wires and cables is determined by extension rules depending on the type and thickness (cross -sectional area of the heart).

図2：電線とケーブル

Table 1 is an electric wire, a cable ...

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3. Basic design of wiring equipment

The basic design of the wiring equipment includes the selection of cables in the main line design, planning wiring equipment, and using electric pipes and bus ducts.When using a trunk line that flows a huge current in a bath duct, the power outage range in the event of an accident increases, so the power outage range can be limited by stepping on a phase.This section describes the most important main line design and protection coordination in the basic design of wiring equipment.

・幹線設計

The trunk line supplies large power, so the cable size is large.The trunk line is selected not only for the power capacity for the load on the power, but also in the voltage drop and the allowable current.If the wiring distance is long, the voltage drop due to the resistance of the wiring increases, so the cable size cannot be determined by the power capacity alone.In order to reduce the voltage drop, wiring may be called a bass duct instead of a cable.The bus duct is a shape that is similar to the H steel of a steel frame, covering the outside of a copper or aluminum rail -like condominium.As the cross -sectional area of the conductor can be increased, the voltage drop is reduced.

DC resistance of the conductor, which causes the voltage drop, can be calculated from the length and cross -sectional area.However, the wiring has a reactance, epidermal effect, proximity effect, etc., so it is necessary to consider the exchange resistance in order to perform precise calculations.The permissible voltage drop is finely specified for each wiring length by extension regulations.

・幹線分岐と保護協調

You need to pay attention to branches in trunk equipment.For example, as shown in Fig. 4, ...

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4th: Power equipment

Last time, I explained the wiring equipment.This time, I will explain the power equipment.Power facilities are facilities for using power.Power is kinetic energy and can be converted from electric energy by using a motor.In other words, power equipment can be considered as equipment that uses motors.Power facilities consist of various power equipment and power boards.Here, the air conditioning equipment and transport equipment (elevator), which are typical power equipment, are taken up.It also describes motors and inverters, which are common equipment for power equipment.

1. Power equipment

Power equipment refers to a device that uses a three -phase motor with a three -phase 200V or three -phase 400V power supply.In low -voltage power, a single -phase power is lit, and the three -phase power is called power.This comes from the use of three -phase motors except for small equipment such as home appliances.There are three -phase 200V and three -phase 400V power supply for low -voltage power devices.Power facilities are equipment that supplies power to power equipment that requires these two types of three -phase power.There are various types of power devices as shown in Fig. 1.In the case of a large -capacity heater, etc., it is considered a powerful device because the motor is not used but the three -phase power is used.

図1：各種の動力機器

The power board is ...

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2. Air conditioning equipment

Air -conditioning equipment is a equipment that performs air harmony.Air -conditioning includes not only air conditioning, but also temperature and humidity, as well as airflow and air purification.Air -conditioning equipment requires a heat source, which is the source of heat and water.The heat source includes a refrigerator and a boiler.The heat pump is a heat source that can make cold and warm heat with one unit.The air conditioning method can be divided into central heat source method and individual distributed heat source method depending on where the heat source is placed.

・中央熱源方式

The central heat source method is a method in which the heat source is aggregated in a machine room and the like to perform air conditioning.It is necessary to transport heat from heat source to air conditioning.There are a method of sending a cold air by duct and a method of sending cold water with piping.When transporting heat with water, the air temperature is performed in the fan coil unit.

・個別分散熱源方式

The individual distributed heat source method is a method in which the heat source is dispersed and air conditioning is performed for each floor or zone.It is a so -called air conditioner.Package air conditioners and multi -air conditioners are driven by a refrigerant by connecting outdoor units and indoor units.This method is characterized by being able to control it individually with a single device.

The heat source is the highest power consumption in air conditioning equipment.As a typical heat source, we will introduce the mechanism of a freezer.A typical freezer system is a frozen compressor, called a steam -compressed freezer.This freezer moves the heat by the frozen cycle.What is a frozen cycle ...

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3. Transport equipment

Elevator (elevation equipment) is the most commonly used building facility for buildings.The elevator is driven by the motor and is roughly divided into rope and hydraulic type.

・ロープ式エレベータ

The rope -type elevator is driven by a rolled machine, balancing the bald weight as a person or luggage rides (Fig. 3). Some have a mechanical room on the rooftop, and some without a mechanical room in which a rolled machine is installed inside the rising route. In the rope type, the moter control directly affects the riding comfort of the elevator because the basket is moved by the rotation of the motor. Therefore, the rotation speed of the motor is controlled by the inverter (commentary in the following section). In particular, high -speed elevators in high -rise buildings need to increase acceleration, which makes the ride feel worse. Therefore, the rate of change in acceleration is controlled by the inverter. The inverter uses the precision control of vector control. The world's highest speed elevator, which has been recognized in the Guinness World Record, is 1,260m/s (75 km/h/h), which is installed in a 95 -story building in China.

図3：ロープ式エレベータ構造(引用：一般社団法人日本エレベーター協会ウェブサイト)

・油圧式エレベータ

...

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4. Motor and inverter

The power equipment is used for an exchange motor called a guidance motor (Fig. 5).To be precise, it is called a three -phase -type induced motor.The induction motor rotates simply by connecting to a three -phase exchange power supply.Moreover, it rotates with almost constant revolutions, depending on the number of the motor (the number of divisions of the internal coil).Even if the load of the motor changes greatly, the number of rotation speed is very small.It is a very easy -to -use motor to gain power.

図5：誘導モータ

誘導モータを使う場合、電気設備として考慮しなくてはならないのは始動電流とモータの保護です。誘導モータを三相交流電源で直接駆動する場合、始動時に一時的に大きな電流が流れます。これを始動電流といいます。出力の大きいモータの始動電流は、電源に影響を及ぼしてしまうことから、始動電流を低減する必要があります。そのため、...

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5th: Light equipment

Last time, I explained the power equipment.This time, I will explain the light equipment.The light equipment refers to a facility that uses a single -phase 100V / 200V.As the name suggests, the light, that is, lighting facilities.In addition, it includes devices that wire from the light distribution board, such as outlets for weak electrical equipment.Here, we will focus on lighting, which is a typical light equipment.

1. Lighting equipment

The purpose of lighting is to secure the brightness of the room.However, it is also required not only to brighten, but also to not dazzle.Therefore, the lighting design is considered in consideration of numerical values such as illuminance, glare, and coloring properties.

・照度

The illuminance is the basic amount of lighting, which indicates the brightness of the light.The unit of illuminance is represented by Lux (LX).

・グレア

Glare is an indicator of glare.The dazzling has the largest effect of the light source, and is also related to the size of the light source and the distance to the light source.The unit of the brightness of the light source is represented by candela (CD).Calculate the glare valuation (UGR) to evaluate glare.Glare valuation is a numerical value that shows discomfort, indicating that the smaller it is dazzling.Glare has a reference value, so it must not exceed this value.

・演色性

The coloring character is an index of how much the light source is close to sunlight.Depending on the color of the light source, the appearance of the color is different.The color evaluation of the color of the solar color is 100.

There are various other indicators.This is because the performance of the lighting needs to be considered not only in physical quantity, but also in psychological physical quantities that take into account human sensitivity.Use such indicators to place lighting equipment (called lighting plan).The arrangement of lighting fixtures is designed in relation to multiple light sources and work.

それぞれの部屋の用途によって、必要な明るさは異なります。例えば、JISで定められている照明基準として照度の例を、...

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2. Lighting fixtures

Lighting equipment is the most noticeable electrical equipment.As shown in Table 1, the necessary brightness varies depending on the application, and the lighting atmosphere and lighting method are also different.Lighting methods are classified as shown in Table 2.Therefore, lighting equipment is selected in consideration of various factors such as performance and method.

表2：照明方式（参考：森本雅之、電気エネルギー応用工学、森北出版、2015、P.110をもとに作成）

名称	方式	特徴
直接照明	光源からの直接光で作業面を照らす方式	効率が高い。しかし、照度が不均一になりやすく、まぶしさを感じる
間接照明	光源からの光を壁面・天井面などで反射させてから作業面を照らす方式	効率は低い。しかし、照度を均一にしやすい
半間接照明	直接光と反射光を組み合わせて作業面を照らす方式	明るさよりも演出性を重視する

照明の光源には、従来は白熱灯や蛍光ランプが使われていました。今後は主にLED（発光ダイオード）が使われていくと考えられます。LEDは、半導体を使用しているため、低消費電力で長寿命なのが特長です。LEDで白色光を作るには、青色LEDを使います。青色LEDの青色光と、青色LEDにより発光する黄色蛍光体の黄色光を合成すると、白色光になります。蛍光体の種類により、昼光色や電球色など、各種の光色が得られます。また、LEDディスプレイなどで、光そのものを見せる場合には、...

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3. Emergency lighting

Emergency lighting is a lighting for lighting when a power outage is gained.Emergency lighting must be lit for 30 minutes.Those with built -in rechargeable batteries are always charged and lighted due to a power outage and the charging power supply is turned.In addition, there is one that uses the power of the storage battery equipment in the building.This is energized on a dedicated circuit by a blackout detector and lights up.Emergency lighting is set up by the Building Standards Law, and the floor surface is installed so that the floor is more than one lux.

誘導灯は、火災などの際に避難経路を示すために設置されます。誘導灯は蓄電池式で、点灯時間は20分以上です。誘導灯は、...

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6th: Information and communication equipment

Last time, we introduced lighting equipment centered on lighting.This is the last episode of this series, and we will explain the basic knowledge of information and communication equipment.Information and communication equipment is a weak electricity facility that handles electric signals for transmitting information inside and outside the building.In addition to facilities that are indispensable for housing such as telephone, intercom, and TV antenna, LANs that support information networks in the building are also important information and communication equipment.Here, we will also explain information and communication equipment in intelligent buildings and smart buildings in addition to telephones used in ordinary houses.Finally, we will also explain lighting equipment that plays an important role in protecting information and communication equipment.

1. Phone construction

Telephone work is classified into outdoor and indoor construction.Outdoor telephone construction is done by NTT by drawing the telephone line into the building.Indoor construction is a telephone construction as an on -premises electrical equipment.On home calls, the telephone line is completed by connecting to the security device of the building.A security device is a device to protect communication devices from inducing current and high voltage generated by lightning strikes.If you wire the security device and install a telephone terminal (modular jack) indoors, the telephone will be directly connected to the telephone station exchange.If the phone is one or two ordinary homes, this is the end of work.

For companies or facilities with dozens of telephones, indoor construction is required.First, set up a dedicated exchange (PBX: Private Branch Exchange) and connect to the telephone station.If you connect a phone to this PBX, you will be able to call on both external and extensions on each phone.In this case, it is connected to a PBX for each phone, so if there are many telephones, or if you spans multiple floors, you need to perform more wiring.

そこで、電話の配線を一旦、端子盤に集約します。その端子盤を主配線盤（MDF：Main Distribution Frame）といいます。MDFを通じて各階に電話線を分配します。これにより、...

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2. Information network

The first necessary information network is LAN (Local Area Network).LAN is a data communication between computers within a certain range and various information devices.LAN has wired and wireless, and generally wired LAN uses Ethernet (Ethernet), and Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is used for wireless LAN.In addition, a PLC (Power LINE Communication), which uses power lines as a signal line, may be used.

Figure 2 shows the basic configuration of LAN.Since LAN is composed of multiple devices, a hub is required to connect those devices as a network.In addition, it is said that communication with a LAN cable is up to about 100m, and if it is longer, use a router as a relayer.

図2：LANの基本構成

ハブは、LAN内の機器を接続するために使用します。ハブは多くのポート（接続口）を持ち、...

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3. Bill hometown

Building Mation is a system that comprehensively manages building facilities, including electrical equipment.Operation control, monitoring / display, recording, measurement, data processing, etc. are performed.It is sometimes called the Bill Energy Management System (BEMS).However, Building Mation refers to integrated systems that include not only energy but also building management.

現在は、一般的にビルオートメーションをBACSと呼ぶことが多いです。BACSとは、ビル自動管理制御システム(Building Automation and Control Systems)として、性能、機能、通信などを定めたISOの国際規格のことです。BACSの通信仕様としては、...

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4. Thunder -evacuation equipment

The lightning equipment is a facility to protect the building from lightning strikes.The lightning equipment is reminiscent of equipment to avoid lightning from its name.However, in fact, it is a facility that protects buildings and equipment when a lightning strike, that is, to escape lightning to the ground without adversely affecting buildings and equipment.The impact on information equipment and communication equipment due to lightning strikes will be taken by lightning equipment.The lightning equipment is classified as an external lightning, which is a common lightning strike, and an internal lightning that invades the building by transmitting an electric wire.External lightning lightning equipment is composed of lightning systems, lowering wire systems, and grounding systems (Fig. 3).

図3：外部雷のための避雷設備

・受雷システム

The lightning system is the part that receives the lightning hit.A conductor will be provided not only on lightning rods but also on the roof and walls of the building.

・引き下げ導線システム

The lowering wire system is a part that leads the lightning current that has been received to the ground.Use multiple reduction wires connected in parallel to distribute current.It may be used as a reduction conductor of the building reinforced or steel frames.

・接地システム

The grounding system is the part that leaks the lightning current from the ground pole to the earth.Since the ground pole is buried, it is also necessary to take measures against electroshaden (electrochemical effects to break the metal and corrosive).

以上の避雷設備は、...

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